The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?

Mustafa Gulec¹; Halil Ozcan²; Elif Oral¹; Yavuz Selvi³; Adem Aydin³

doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

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Online Published: 26 Mar 2012

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doi: 10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?

Mustafa Gulec¹, Halil Ozcan², Elif Oral¹, Yavuz Selvi³, Adem Aydin³.

Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent, severely debilitating, and often recurrent. The majority of individuals with MDD experience sleep disturbances. MDD is also over-represented in populations with a variety of sleep disorders. Although sleep disturbances are typical features of MDD, such symptoms sometimes appear prior to an episode of MDD. The bidirectional association between sleep disturbance, especially insomnia and MDD, increases the difficulty of differentiating cause-and-effect relationship between them. Longitudinal studies have consistently identified insomnia as a risk factor for the development of a new-onset or recurrent MDD, and this association has been identified in young, middle-aged, and even older adults. Researches have also observed that the combination of insomnia and depression influences the trajectory of MDD, increasing episode severity and duration, as well as relapse rates. Fortunately, recent studies have demonstrated that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia may favourably reduce and possibly prevent MDD. Together, these findings suggest that sleep-related symptoms that are present before, during, and/or after a major depressive episode are potentially modifiable factors that may play an important role in achieving and maintaining remission of depression.

Key words: insomnia, sleep, depression, depressive, relationship, association

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Pubmed Style

Gulec¹ M, Ozcan² H, Oral¹ E, Selvi³ Y, Aydin³ A. The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. PBS. 0; 0(0): -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

Web Style

Gulec¹ M, Ozcan² H, Oral¹ E, Selvi³ Y, Aydin³ A. The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. https://www.pbsciences.org/?mno=13225 [Access: June 27, 2026]. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Gulec¹ M, Ozcan² H, Oral¹ E, Selvi³ Y, Aydin³ A. The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. PBS. 0; 0(0): -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Gulec¹ M, Ozcan² H, Oral¹ E, Selvi³ Y, Aydin³ A. The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. PBS. (0), [cited June 27, 2026]; 0(0): -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

Harvard Style

Gulec¹, M., Ozcan², . H., Oral¹, . E., Selvi³, . Y. & Aydin³, . A. (0) The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. PBS, 0 (0), -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

Turabian Style

Gulec¹, Mustafa, Halil Ozcan², Elif Oral¹, Yavuz Selvi³, and Adem Aydin³. 0. The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 0 (0), -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

Chicago Style

Gulec¹, Mustafa, Halil Ozcan², Elif Oral¹, Yavuz Selvi³, and Adem Aydin³. "The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?." Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 0 (0), -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Gulec¹, M., Ozcan², . H., Oral¹, . E., Selvi³, . Y. & Aydin³, . A. (0) The relationship between insomnia and major depressive disorder: a chicken and egg situation?. Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 0 (0), -. doi:10.5455/jmood.20120208025502

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